Tuinieren

Is het een gevoelskwestie? Als kind van zeven vond ik tuinboontjes vies, maar onze tuin was wel fascinerend. Met de juiste verzorging groeit een klein zaadje uit tot een mooie plant. Maar teveel aandacht is niet goed; te veel water en de plant verzuipt, te veel zonlicht en de plant verdort en te veel mest zorgt dat de plant vatbaarder is voor ziektes. Hier dacht ik aan bij het lezen van de blogpost, waar verteld wordt dat in Finland overheidsgeld zorgt voor veel start-ups, maar dat de bedrijfjes daarna te ‘lui’ zijn om door te groeien. Te veel betutteling is niet goed, een beetje tegenslag maakt bedrijven sterker.

Niet te veel en niet te weinig. Balanceren. Hoe kunnen gemeenten startende bedrijven helpen uitgroeien tot nieuwe multinationals? Of in ieder geval tot gezonde middelgrote ondernemingen die een significante bijdrage leveren aan de werkgelegenheid in een stad? Painter (1998) beschreef al eerder dat het lokaal openbaar bestuur een complex proces van onderhandelingen, coalitievorming, indirecte invloed, samenwerking met meerdere instituten en publiek-private samenwerkingsverbanden is. De vraag blijft dus wat de invloed is van een gemeentebestuur op de economische groei in hun gemeente. In een tijd van bezuinigingen en de economische crisis staat het stimuleren van de gemeentelijke economische groei namelijk volop in de belangstelling. Zo bekeek het Nicis Institute de inhoud van de coalitieakkoorden van drieëndertig grote steden. In hun analyse spreken ze van een grote eensgezindheid in de coalitieakkoorden over de bevordering en ondersteuning van ondernemerschap en innovatie.
Maar hoe? Volgens de theorie van Hall en Hubbart (1998:4) is stedelijk entrepreneurship het antwoord. Hierbij moet de lokale politiek het stimuleren van de lokale economie als topprioriteit bestempelen en moet ze hier actief leiding aan geven. Een bekend voorbeeld is het Amerikaanse stadje Littleton. Eind jaren tachtig tachtig kampte de stad met een hoge werkeloosheid en stagneerde de economische groei. Consultant Christian Gibbons werd aangesteld om de economische groei in het stadje te stimuleren. Zijn aanpak was onorthodox. Volgens hem gaat het om ‘economic gardening’, de groei van lokale ondernemers, in plaats van het aantrekken van grote bedrijven van buiten de stad (‘economic hunting’). De economie in Littleton begon spectaculair te groeien, het programma begon op te vallen en leverde interessante inzichten op. Economische groei en innovatie moet je zien door een biologische bril eerder dan vanuit een mechanisch perspectief. Net zoals in de natuur draait het bij bedrijven om overleven. Vanuit de innovatietheorie is de relatie dan ook snel gelegd: op de rand van stabiliteit en chaos ontstaat de meeste kans op overlevingsdrang en vernieuwing (Cheng en Van der Ven). De huidige aanpak in Littleton is hier ook op gericht. De gemeente zorgt voor optimale randvoorwaarden, maar daarna is het aan de startende ondernemingen om er iets moois van te maken.
Nederlandse gemeenten zijn ook druk bezig met stedelijke entrepreneurship. Zo is de aanpak in Groningen specifiek gericht op starters en met het nodige succes. In maart 2009 werd een actieplan voor starters opgezet, met een betere gemeentelijke dienstverlening en een speciale polis. Het college vindt starters van belang voor de creativiteit, innovatie en dynamiek die de economie in Groningen nodig heeft. Veel lekkerder, groenten uit eigen tuin.

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